Perculiarities of introduction of Araliaceae Juss . in botanical gardens ( Kyiv , Ukraine )

*National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine **Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine ***Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland ****Separated Subdivision of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine «Berezhany Agrotechnical Institute», Berezhany, Ukraine *****М. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine


Introduction
Recently technogenic impact and climate change affect the state of living organisms: plants (Lykholat & Hryhoryuk, 2005;Khromykh et al., 2018;Prisedsky et al., 2017), animals and people (Peregrym et al., 2014). In these conditions, introduction of introduced species into landscaping enhances the range of local spectrum of species having transformative environment properties (Alexeyeva et al., 2016).
In Ukraine, as well as throughout the world centers of plant protection and introduction are botanical gardens constantly increasing their diversity (Afanasyeva et al., 1997;Kilpatrick, 2014;Shalimov, 2008). Despite such a positive dynamics in the increased species diversity, it should be noted the introduction of rare plant species, as well as the introduction into the culture of any other group of plants, always occurs with losses associated with different objective and subjective reasons (Fedorov, 1982;Frei et al., 2014;Fujimaki et al., 2012;Heylighen, 2007), which is reflected on their external functional state (Karapetyan, Bukhov, 1986;Vorobyev, 1986;Endress, 2002). Therefore, during the introduction process for the further effective development of the collection of rare and introduced species of plants, more attention should be paid to the biomorphological, geographic and cenotic analysis of the studied species currently represented in collections of botanical gardens, in order to identify the most promising groups for further active use in landscaping on the basis of their features (Sokolov, 1957;Peregrym et al., 2014;Umair et al., 2017;Zaman et al., 2018;Zhang et al., 2018).
A large number of species originating from the Far East introduced in Ukraine. This is due to the fact that most of them have medicinal traits. The attention to oriental medicine causes by constant interest in the study of characteristics and therapeutic properties of these plants.
From this perspective, representatives of Araliaceae Juss. are of considerable interest (Eyde, Tseng, 1971;Davydov, Krikorian, 2000;Shang, Lowry, 2007), so the purpose of our research was the study of their introduction process in Kyiv' botanical gardens.
In the changing climate of Kiev, there are trends that suggest that over the past 20 years the average temperature in January and February has increased by almost 2.5 degrees. On a global scale, the number of cold days and nights has decreased and the number of warm days and nights has increased.
Winter period characterizes by alternation of frost with thaws. In average during the winter there are 8-10 thaws lasting from 5 to 30 days. Sometimes they can cause premature vegetation of plants. The duration of growing season is 190-205 days. The average annual amount of precipitation is 550-700 mm, the evaporation does not exceed 400-450 mm.

Materials and methods
Investigated species grow in collecting plantations within the city of Kyiv. Researched area includes Botanical Gardens of the city -M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of National Academy of Science of Ukraine (M. M. Gryshko NBG), A.V. Fomin Botanical Garden of Kyiv National T. Shevchenko University (A.V. Fomin BG), Botanical Garden of National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (BG of NULES) (Fig.1).
The climate of Kiev is moderately continental. The average annual temperature of ground air is 7.3 °С with an age range of 5.1 to 9.7 °С. The average minimum air temperature reaches -3.6 °C and the absolute is 32.2 °C; average maximum +11.6 °С, absolute +39.4 °С. The sum of the average daily air temperatures higher than + 5 °С and equals 3020 ° C, above + 10 °C and equals 2695 °C. The meteorological period of vegetation continues averagely 207 days (Fig. 2).
The data of the average monthly temperature was used from the web-site of Central Geophysical Observatory of B. I. Sreznevsky [http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/]. The change in the minimum average annual temperature prevails over the maximum.
The average rainfall is 655,3 mm/year with fluctuations ranging from 594.7 to 732.4 mm/year. Considering on difficult complex of terrain and significant general slope of the territory the precipitation for plants is ineffective. In average, there are about 100 days with snow cover in height from 10 to 30 cm (max. 75 cm) in Kiev. During long thaws the snow cover disappears. It should be noted, that in some years there are significant fluctuations in the distribution of precipitation in months and in their total amount for the year.
The main soil-forming material is loess which locates on a depth of 130-170 cm. The mechanical composition is medium loam. The loess is pale yellow in color, loamy, well sorted In the stand of trees dominate such species as European hornbeams (Carpinus betulus L.) and English oak (Quercus robur L.). Grow such species as English field maple (Acer compestre L.) and Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.), smallleaved lime (Tilia cordata Mill) and European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). On the territory of botanical gardens growth oldaged oaks over 200 years old.
In spring there are several types of ephemeroids -plants that vegetate, bloom and yield only in the spring months and later dry up. They represented by Anemone ranunculoides L., Plant observations were conducted on the territory of Botanical gardens of Kiev from August 2011 to September 2014. The age of trees was determined according to the materials of the last inventory. Height was set by using of the altimeter. Decorative qualities of species were estimated by 5-point scale of O. A. Kalinichenko (Table 1).
Comprehensive evaluation of decorative effect of decorative species of plants was conducted according to the scale of O. G. Horoshyh and O. V. Horoshyh (Kohno, Kurdiuk, 1994) (Table 2).
For determining the prospect of cultivating researched species we assessed the degree of resistance to winter conditions by 5 point scale N. K. Vehov (O. O. Kalinichenko, 1991) on the basis of visual observations in open ground (Table 3).

Results and discussion
Representatives of family Araliaceae Juss. are shrubs, trees and vines. They attract attention to flowers during the flowering period, the shape and color of leaves. Assessment of the decorative nature of the studied species, presented in Table 6.
During the visual assessment of the decorative items we took into account the architectonics of the body, wreaths, leaves, flowers and fruits. The results of the assessment of the decorative effect of Araliaceae Juss tree species on the basis of visual observations are given in Table 7.
During the observations of Araliaceae Juss. representatives in the beginning of vegetation we found damages from frost on branches of some species -Aralia mandshurica on the territory of the BG of NULES and on the territory of the O. V. Fomin BG (Fig. 2, 3). At the same time 3 affected shoots were detected in one plant. We can conclude that degree of winter resistance of these species according to the 5-point scale M. K. Vehova is 3 points. Another case of branch frost-demage was fixed in Eleutherococcus senticosus on the territory of the M. M. Gryshko NBG (Fig. 4).
The widest variety of woody species of family Araliaceae Juss. presented on the territory of the M. M. Gryshko NBG and A. V. Fomin BG. There are 9 species of plants of investigated family grow in open soil (Table 8).
According to the results of research was fixed the level of adaptation of species Araliaceae Juss. under conditions of the National Botanical Garden of the M. M. Gryshko NBG. Consequently, it weren`t found representatives of the family Araliaceae Juss. which adapted weakly or not adapted at all (adaptive index is not lower than 36 %). Established that characterized by the highest rate of adaptation and ability of reproduction, so this specie of plant under conditions of city Kiev has first place by adaptation index.
The results of the studies indicate that Aralia mandshurica and Eleutherococcus senticosus more successful adapted under conditions of the BG of NULES compared with other species (80 %). However, plants of Hedera helix adapted weakly and the adaptive index is only 20 % (Table 9). In general, this specie is characterized by a low level of adaptation on the territory of Kiev -does not bloom and therefore does not form fruit (not capable to generative reproduction).

Conclusions
According to a comprehensive assessment a large number of studied species were highly evaluated for decorative effect. Thus, introduced species Araliaceae Juss. have good perspective for further usage in ornamental gardening, landscaping of urban areas and private territories. Introduced characterized by a high level of adaptation (Table 10). As in the previous cases plants of genus Hedera are low-adapted.
Acanthopanax trifoliatus and Acanthopanax wardii. have high level of adaptation. From the other species only Aralia mandshurica has reached a high level of adaptation (Fig. 5).
species of family Araliaceae Juss. in Botanical gardens of Kiev characterized by high-level adaptation to local soil and climatic conditions. The vast majority of them bloom but not all can form seeds. Results of researches showed that they have a high resistance to the effects of adverse factors. All types of this family are promising for introduction into culture and can be widely used in various branches of the national economy.